LINUX TEXT EDITOR 

 - XEDIT is a visual editor for VM/CMS using block mode IBM 3270 terminals.

-  It is much more line-oriented than modern PC and Unix editors. - - For example, it supports automatic line numbers, and many of the commands operate on blocks of lines. 

- One of the features is a command line which allows the user to type arbitrary editor commands.

- For example, continuous spell-checking as the user types is impossible.

- Xedit provides a window consisting of the following four areas  :

                1)     Commands Section

                2)    Message Window

                3)    Filename Display

                4)   Edit Window

- Nano is a text editor for Unix-like computing systems or operating environments using a command line interface.

- Nano is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL).

- Today,nano is part of the GNU Project.Nano, like Pico, is keyboard-oriented, controlled with control keys. For example, Control-O saves the current file. Control-W goes to the search menu. Nano puts a two-line "shortcut bar" at the bottom of the screen,For a complete list, Control-G gets the help screen.

- Nano can also use pointer devices, such as a mouse, to activate functions that are on the shortcut bar, as well as position the cursor.

- Jed is a small, fast (faster startup than bash) and powerful text editor.

- Editing functions: folding support; rectangular cut/paste; regular expression search/replace; incremental searches; search/replace across multiple files; multiple windows; multiple buffers;.

- Tools: directory editor (dired); info (browse GNU info files); mail; rmail; ispell; shell mode; ...

- Special modes (syntax highlight, indention, compile) for Basic, C, C++, DCL, FORTRAN, IDL, Java, NROFF, Pascal, Perl, PHP, PostScript, Python, SH. Modes for markup languages include HTML and (La)TeX (with AUC-TeX style editing and BibTeX)

-vi is the text editor supplied with all Linux distributions.

-It is a difficult editor to come to grips with initially, but once you do the rewards are vast. The editor is quite intuitive once you get the hang of it.

 - Useful for editing configuration files or creating plain text documents.

-Vi is often the default editor that pops up when you're ready to write an e-mail message or when you're posting a News message. 

-Vi is complicated and seems difficult to learn at first. 

-However, it is often the default for Unix and Linux systems.  

- Pico is a fairly simple text editor that provides straight-forward options and easy-to-use commands.

- Pico (Pine composer) is a text editor for Unix and Unix-based computer systems.

 - However, Pico is not very good when manipulating certain types of files such as making changes.

- Pico does not support working with several files simultaneously and cannot perform a find and replace across multiple files.

 It also cannot copy text from one file to another (though it is possible to read text into the editor from a file in its working directory).

 - Pico does support search and replace operations.

- JOE or Joe's Own Editor is a terminal-based text editor for Unix systems, available under the GPL.

 - It is designed to be easy to use.

- JOE is available for most major Linux distributions  and open-source BSD systems.

- JOE includes an integrated help system and a reminder of how to get help is always on the screen. 

  Mcedit 

- Internal file editor of GNU Midnight Commander.

- The internal file editor is a full-featured full screen editor.

- It can edit files up to 64 megabytes.

 - It is possible to edit binary files

- The features it presently supports are: block copy, move, delete, cut, paste; key for key undo; pull-down menus; file insertion; macro commands; regular expression search and replace.

- The editor is easy to use and can be used without learning.

Emacs

- The vast set of powerful commands themselves are difficult to remember.  

- The Emacs link includes basic information on Emacs for situations where you may encounter it or for those who use it on an occasional basic

- Emacs is a family of text editor, characterized by their extensibility.

 - One manual describes it as "the extensible, customizable, self-documenting, real-time display editor."

  

- NEdit is a multi-purpose text editor for the X Window System, which combines a standard, easy to use, graphical user interface with the thorough functionality and stability required by users who edit text eight hours a day.

- It provides intensive support for development in a wide variety of languages, text processors, and other tools.

- But at the same time can be used productively by just about anyone who needs to edit text.

- As of version 5.1, NEdit may be freely distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.

The type of Linux Shell

·         Shell is a command language interpreter that executes commands.

·         It read from the standard input devices (keyboard) or from a file.

·         The type of the Shell is

      Bash

The full name for this shell is Bourne-Again Shell.

Bash is a Unix Shell written for the GNU Project.

Unix Shell is written by Stephen Broume and distribute with Version 7 (1978).

The person who has created this Bash Shell is Brian Fox and Chet Ramey in 1987 and 1990.

The default shell on most Linux system as well as on Mac OS X is Bash.

It can be run on most Unix (like operating system).

For example :-

The Linux that use a Bash.

         Csh

The full name for this Shell is C Shell.

The originally drived is 6^th Edition Unix/bin/sh (Thompson shell) it have been developed by Bill Joy for the BSD Unix System.

Its syntax is modeled after the C programming language.

The features that have been added in this C shell is aliased and command history.

Now the C shell is not use on Unix because the other shell have superseded such as the Tenex C shell (tcsh).

For example:-

The system that use a csh.

               

      Ksh

Ksh mean is The Kom Shell that was developed by David Kom (1980).

The main advantages of ksh is over the traditional Unix Shell is in its use as a programming language such as :-

The system that use a ksh.

      Tcsh.

To pronounced this is TC Shell or T-Shell.

This is a Unix shell based on a compatible with the C shell (csh).

Its essentially the C shell with programmable filename completion, and  command line editing.

What file and folder in the tcsh.

      Ash.

Also known as A shell or ash. This is Almquist shell.

Kenneth Almquist is originally clone of the SVR4- variant of the Boume shell.

1.       Its is fast.

2.       Small,

This is designed for replaced the Bourne shell in later BSD distributor.

The current variants have emacs an vj modes.

It did not feature line editing or command history because Almsquist felt that such should be moved into the terminal driver.

For example is

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MONOLITHIC KERNEL AND MICRO KERNEL

Monolithic kernel

• ·         Is a single large processes running entirely in a single address space.
• ·          It is a single static binariy file.
• ·         All kernel services exist and execute in kernel address space.
• ·         The kernel can invoke functions directly.
• ·         The examples of monolithic kernel based OSs are Linux, Unix.
• ·         is part of the kernel and runs as part of the central kernel process more efficient
• ·         a large portion of the OS components are "inside" and a part of the kernel, and are executed inside the kernel address space
• ·         run in their own address space which pushes the model into the direction of a microkernel.
• ·         It is constructed in a layered fashion, built up from the fundamental process management up to the interfaces to the rest of the operating system

 Microkernels

• ·         The kernel is broken down into separate processes, known as servers.
• ·         Also known as µ-kernel
• ·         Some of the servers run in kernel space and some run in user-space.
• ·         All servers are kept separate and run in different address spaces.
• ·         The communication in microkernels is done via message passing.
• ·         The servers communicate through IPC (Interprocess Communication).
• ·         Servers invoke "services" from each other by sending messages. The separation has advantage that if one server fails other server can still work efficiently.
• ·         The example of microkernel based OS are Mac OS X and Windows NT.
• ·         isolated from the kernel and run as separate processes in their own address space.
• ·         More structured
• ·         services run outside of the kernel memory space

METHOD OF INSTALLING LINUX

CD-ROM

•If you are going to install Red Hat Linux from CD-ROM, select ``CD-ROM'', and select Ok. The installation program will then prompt you to insert your Red Hat Linux CD-ROM into your CD-ROM drive

•The installation program will then probe your system, and attempt to identify your CD-ROM drive.

•It will start by looking for an IDE (also known as ATAPI) CD-ROM drive. if one is found,the installation will continue.If the installation program cannot automatically detect your CD-ROM drive.

•The installation program will ask you to choose a SCSI driver. Choose the driver that most closely resembles your adapter. You may specify options for the driver if necessary.However, most drivers will detect your SCSI adapter automatically.

•If the DVD/CD-ROM drive is found and the driver loaded, the installer will present you with the option to perform a media check on the CD-ROM. If later encounter problems with the installer, you should reboot and perform the media check before calling for support. From the media check dialog, continue to the next stage of the installation process.

FTP

•If you selected FTP in the Installation Method dialog. The FTP dialog will applies to installing from an FTP server.This dialog allows you to identify the FTP server from which you are installing Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

•Enter the name or IP address of the FTP site you are installing from, and the name of the directory containing the variant/ directory.

•For example, if the FTP site contains the directory /mirrors/redhat/arch/variant;/, enter /mirrors/redhat/arch/ (where arch is replaced with the architecture type of your system, such as i386, ia64, ppc, or s390x, and variant is the variant that you are installing, such as Client, Server, Workstation, etc.). If everything was specified properly, a message box appears indicating that files are being retrieved from the server. Next the welcome dialog appears for the installation process.

NFS

•If you selected NFS image.The NFS dialog will applies to installing from an NFS server.

•Enter the domain name or IP address of your NFS server. For example, if you are installing from a host named kanga in the domain redhat.com, enter kanga.redhat.com in the NFS Server field.

•If the NFS server is exporting a mirror of the Red Hat Linux installation tree instead of a CD, enter the directory which contains the RedHat directory. For example, if your NFS server contains the directory /mirrors/redhat/i386/RedHat, enter /mirrors/redhat/i386. If the NFS server is exported directory that contains the Red Hat Linux CD.The Red Hat Linux CD mounted on /mnt/cdrom, enter /mnt/cdrom in Red Hat directory.

•If everything was specified properly, a message appears indicating that the installation program for Red Hat Enterprise Linux is running.

HTTP

•The HTTP dialog will applies to installing from an HTTP server if you selected HTTP in the Installation Method dialog.

•Enter the name or IP address of the HTTP site you are installing from, and the name of the directory containing the variant/ directory for your architecture. For example, if the HTTP site contains the directory /mirrors/redhat/arch/variant/, enter /mirrors/redhat/arch/ (where arch is replaced with the architecture type of your system, such as i386, ia64, ppc, or s390x, and variant is the variant that you are installing, such as Client, Server, Workstation, etc.). If everything was specified properly, next,the welcome dialog will appears.

SMB

•If you selected SMB image.The SMB dialog will applies to installing from an SMB server.

•Entered all the necessary network information in the ``SMB Setup'' dialog box. This is where you'll specify which SMB server, share volume and account information the installation program should use.

•First,Enter the SMB server name. It's important to note that the name expected here is the server's Microsoft Networking name, and not a fully qualified domain name.

•Next, enter the name of the shared volume. Since different implementations of the SMB protocol handle share names differently. Entering the share name in lower case seems to work best.

•Then, enter the account name and password. In general, the account name should be guest. A password (which is case-sensitive) must be present.

•After entering all the required information, select Ok and the welcome dialog will appears.

VNC

•On the "Boot : " prompt write the below command with the "hostip" to access that server, "vnc=1" to enable VNC service at the time of installation & set the "vncpassword" to access.

•After that,it will ask you to choose prefer language, choose language and click OK.Then,the next step you must choose "Keyboard Type" selection, Select Keyboard and click OK.

•Now it'll ask you to "Configure Connectivity", here you can choose want to provide manual IP or on DHCP IP. The figure below is example with going "Manual configuration“ and select OK.

• Next step,it will show you a manual IP configuration window, provide correct ip, subnet  mask, gateway and dns, then click OK.

•To installed VNC client on other machine.You can install it by run the command " #yum install vnc ". After installing VNC, go to Applications > Accessories > VNC Viewer  and enter the IP configuration.

•Enter Password and click Enter.

•Lastly,you can instalI window through VNC .

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS IN LINUX

Motherboard and CPU Requirements

›~Linux currently supports systems with an Intel 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, and Pentium III CPU.

›~This includes all variations on this CPU type, such as the 386SX, 486SX, 486DX, and 486DX2. Non-Intel "clones," such as AMD and Cyrix processors, work with Linux as well.

Memory Requirements

~Linux requires very little memory to run.

~›You should have at the very least 8 MB of RAM

~›The more memory you have, the faster the system will run.

~›it will utilize all of your RAM automatically. Amounts of RAM greater than 64 MB need a boot-time parameter.

Hard Drive Controller Requirements

~Linux support all MFM, RLL, and IDE controllers.

~›The general rule for non-SCSI hard drive and floppy controllers is that if you can access the drive from Windows or another operating system, you should be able to access it from Linux.

~›Linux also supports a number of popular SCSI drive controllers, although support for SCSI is more limited because of the wide range of controller interface standards. 

Hard Drive Space Requirements

~›Linux is relatively small as Unix implementations go; you could run a complete system in 10 to 20 MB of space on your drive.

~However, if you want to have room for expansion, and for larger packages, such as the X Window System, you need more space.

Monitor and Video Adapter Requirements

~›Linux supports all standard Hercules, CGA, EGA, VGA, IBM monochrome, and Super VGA video cards and monitors for the default text-based interface.

~if the video card and monitor coupling works under another operating system such as Windows, it should work fine with Linux.

Mice and other pointing devices

~›Linux supports all standard serial mice, including Logitech, MM series, Mouseman, Microsoft (two-button), and Mouse Systems (three-button). Linux also supports Microsoft, Logitech, and ATIXL busmice. The PS/2 mouse interface is supported as well.

~All other pointing devices, such as trackballs, which emulate the mice just listed, should work as well.

›CD -ROM and DVD-ROM storage

~›Most CD-ROM drives sold today use the near-universal IDE/ATAPI CD-ROM standard, which is fully supported under Linux.

Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethernet Cards

~Linux supports nearly every Ethernet and Fast Ethernet card available for the PC platform, and those that are not supported are more than likely being worked on as this is being written.

DISTRIBUTOR OF LINUX

• Gentoo
• slackware
• Ubuntu
• Redhat
• SUSE
• Mint
• parsix
• centos
• mandrak
• fedora
• debian
• knoppix

APPLICATION SOFTWARE IN OSS

The following is a list of some OpenSource Applications, that actually help make Linux more usable for people. It is my hope that this list shows potential Linux users that there really is a large, effective, productive and usable range of free, OpenSource applications. For existing Linux users, I think this will provide a great resource in finding applications that may better suit your needs, or just for fun!
Needless to say, this is just some of the thousands of applications available! The majority of these applications can be installed by either apt-get or synaptic, however I’ve included the web site addresses of these applications so that you can obtain more information.


Audio Applications
Ardour:
(http://www.ardour.org/)

Ardour is a digital audio workstation. You can use it to record, edit and mix multi-track audio. You can produce your own CDs, mix video soundtracks, and many more about music.

That is some Ardour capabilities :-
 multichannel recording
 non-destructive editing with unlimited undo/redo,
 full automation support
 a powerful mixer
 unlimited tracks/busses/plugins
 timecode synchronization
 hardware control from surfaces like the Mackie Control Universal

 If you’ve been looking for a tool similar to ProTools, Nuendo, Pyramix, or Sequoia, you might have found it.

Audacity:
(http://audacity.sourceforge.net/)

Audacity is a free, easy-to-use audio editor and recorder for Windows, Mac OS X, GNU/Linux and other operating systems.

You can use Audacity to:
 Record live audio.
 Convert tapes and records into digital recordings or CDs.
 Edit Ogg Vorbis, MP3, WAV or AIFF sound files.
 Cut, copy, splice or mix sounds together.
 Change the speed or pitch of a recording

And more !!!

LMMS:
(http://lmms.sourceforge.net/)


LMMS aims to be a free alternative to popular (but commercial and closed- source) programs like FruityLoops/FL Studio, Cubase and Logic allowing you to produce music with your computer.
 This includes creation of loops, synthesizing and mixing sounds, arranging samples, having fun with your MIDI-keyboard and much more….

MusE:
(http://www.muse-sequencer.org/)

MusE is a MIDI/Audio sequencer with recording and editing capabilities written by Werner Schweer.
MusE aims to be a complete multitrack virtual studio for Linux.

 Midi sequencing
 Record/Playback/Import
 Input filter
 Audio sequencing
 Record/Playback several mono/stereo inputs/outputs.
 AudioGroups

LASH
Perform audio effects like chorus/flanger in realtime!
Jack – jack-audio-connection-kit
Use the jack for midi/audio routing.
Internal Audio Routing Interface

ALSA – based on the Advanced Linux Sound Architecture
You can use several soundcards to access external midi devices and record/playback them with MusE.


Graphic Design Applications (2D)
GIMPshop: 
(http://www.gimpshop.com/)

GIMPshop is a modification of the free/open source GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP), intended to replicate the feel of Adobe Photoshop. Its primary purpose is to make users of Photoshop feel comfortable using GIMP.
It shares all GIMP’s advantages, including the long feature list and customisability, while addressing some common criticisms regarding the program’s interface: GIMPshop modifies the menu structure to closely match Photoshop’s, adjusts the program’s terminology to match Adobe’s, and, in the Windows version, uses a plugin called ‘Deweirdifier’ to combine the application’s numerous windows in a similar manner to the MDI system used by most Windows graphics packages. While GIMPshop does not support Photoshop plugins, all GIMP’s own plugins, filters, brushes, etc. remain available.
Due to the changes to the interface, many Photoshop tutorials can be followed in GIMPshop unchanged, and most others can be adapted for GIMPshop users with minimal effort.

Inkscape:
(http://www.inkscape.org/)

An Open Source vector graphics editor, with capabilities similar to Illustrator, CorelDraw, or Xara X, using the W3C standard Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) file format.
Inkscape supports many advanced SVG features (markers, clones, alpha blending, etc.) and great care is taken in designing a streamlined interface. It is very easy to edit nodes, perform complex path operations, trace bitmaps and much more. We also aim to maintain a thriving user and developer community by using open, community-oriented development.

Scribus:
(http://www.scribus.net/)

Scribus is an open-source program that brings award-winning professional page layout to Linux/Unix, MacOS X, OS/2 and Windows desktops with a combination of “press-ready” output and new approaches to page layout.
Underneath the modern and user friendly interface, Scribus supports professional publishing features, such as CMYK color, separations, ICC color management and versatile PDF creation.


Graphic Design Applications (3D)
Art Of Illusion: 
(http://www.artofillusion.org/)

Art of Illusion is a free, open source 3D modelling and rendering studio. It is written entirely in Java, and should be usable on any Java Virtual Machine which is compatible with J2SE 1.4 or later.
Many of its capabilities rival those found in commercial programs. Some of the highlights include subdivision surface based modelling tools, skeleton based animation, and a graphical language for designing procedural textures and materials.

K3DSurf:
(http://k3dsurf.sourceforge.net/)

K3DSurf is a program to visualize and manipulate Mathematical models in three, four, five and six dimensions. K3DSurf supports Parametric equations and Isosurfaces.
Studying mathematical surfaces with K3DSurf include doing Interactive visualization with mouse events (Right: Rotate, Middle: translate and left: Scale).
Real time animation (rotation) and morph (by the introduction of t_time variable).Animation and morph can also be monitored by controls that affect the CPU usage and time step. Create screenshots by copying the draw window or by using the best ray tracer on the net

Povray :
Create movie scene is also supported.
Generate Mesh files that describe the shape of the mathematical model.
Supported Formats Are :
Povscript: Povray is the best ray tracer available on the net…and it’s free.
VRML2: to use with the majority of current browsers via an appropriate plug-in.
OBJ: a well-known file format supported by the majority of 3D applications (Blender, MAYA and Moray…)

White Dune:
(http://vrml.cip.ica.uni-stuttgart.de/dune/)

White_dune is a low level VRML97 tool for Unix/Linux/MacOSX and Windows.
It can read VRML97 files, display and let the user change the scenegraph/fields.
Unlike most highlevel tools, it uses a light model based on the VRML97 standard.


Video Applications
AvideMUX: 
(http://avidemux.berlios.de/index.html)

Avidemux is a free video editor designed for simple cutting, filtering and encoding tasks. It supports many file types, including AVI, DVD compatible MPEGfiles, MP4 and ASF, using a variety of codecs. Tasks can be automated using projects, job queue and powerful scripting capabilities.

Cinelerra:
(http://heroinewarrior.com/cinelerra.php3)

Cinelerra does primarily 3 main things: capturing, compositing, and editing audio and video with sample level accuracy. It’s a seamless integration of audio, video, and still photos rarely experienced on a web server.
If you want to make movies with the same kind of compositing and editing suite that the big boys use, on the world’s most efficient UNIX operating system, it’s time for Cinelerra.

CinePaint:
(http://www.cinepaint.org/)

CinePaint is used to retouch feature films and in pro photography. CinePaint opens high fidelity image file formats such as DPX, 16-bit TIFF, and OpenEXR, and conventional formats like JPEG and PNG.  It has a flipbook for movie playback of image sequences in RAM. It supports 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit color channels, HDR and CMS.

CinePaint is used for motion picture frame-by-frame retouching, dirt removal, wire rig removal, render repair, background plates, and painting 3D model textures. It’s been used on many feature films, including The Last Samurai where it was used to add flying arrows.

For still photography, CinePaint can import bracketed HDR exposures. It has gallery-quality 16-bit per channel color printing with GutenPrint. CinePaint’s high dynamic range is crucial with B&W still photography, where images only have a single channel.


Jahshaka: 
(http://jahshaka.org/)

 Edit with flexibility and speed.
 Create Effects in real time.
 Animate with unlimited features.
 Paint and design on moving video.
 Create music with all the tools the pros use.
 Work in any format at any resolution.


System Applications
APTonCD:
(http://aptoncd.sourceforge.net/)

APTonCD is a tool with a graphical interface which allows you to create one or more CDs or DVDs (you choose the type of media) with all of the packages you’ve downloaded via APT-GET or APTITUDE, creating a removable repository that you can use on other computers.

APTonCD will also allow you to automatically create media with all of your .deb packages located in one specific repository, so that you can install them into your computers without the need for an internet connection.

Beagle:
(http://beagle-project.org/Main_Page)

Beagle is a search tool that ransacks your personal information space to find whatever you’re looking for.
More technically, Beagle is a Linux desktop-independent service which transparently and unobtrusively indexes your data in real-time.

For example:
Files are immediately indexed when they are created, are re-indexed when they are modified, and are dropped from the index upon deletion.
eMails are indexed upon arrival.
IM conversations are indexed as you chat, a line at a time.
Web pages are indexed as you view them (with a browser extension).

ClamAV:
(http://www.clamav.net/)

Clam AntiVirus is an open source (GPL) anti-virus toolkit for UNIX, designed especially for e-mail scanning on mail gateways. It provides a number of utilities including a flexible and scalable multi-threaded daemon, a command line scanner and advanced tool for automatic database updates.

WINE:
(http://www.winehq.org/)

Wine is an Open Source implementation of the Windows API on top of X, OpenGL, and Unix.
Think of Wine as a compatibility layer for running Windows programs. Wine does not require Microsoft Windows, as it is a completely free alternative implementation of the Windows API consisting of 100% non-Microsoft code, however Wine can optionally use native Windows DLLs if they are available. Wine provides both a development toolkit for porting Windows source code to Unix as well as a program loader, allowing many unmodified Windows programs to run on x86-based Unixes, including Linux, FreeBSD, Mac OS X, and Solaris.

Developer Applications
Bugzilla:
(http://www.bugzilla.org/)

(I know Bugzilla is web-based, but it’s so good). Bugzilla is a Web-based general-purpose bugtracker tool originally developed and used by the Mozilla project. Released as open source software by Netscape Communications in 1998, Bugzilla has been adopted by a variety of organizations for use as a defect tracker for both free software and proprietary products.

Eclipse:
(http://www.eclipse.org/)

Eclipse is an open source community whose projects are focused on building an open development platform comprised of extensible frameworks, tools and runtimes for building, deploying and managing software across the lifecycle. A large and vibrant ecosystem of major technology vendors, innovative start-ups, universities, research institutions and individuals extend, complement and support the Eclipse platform.


Email Applications
Firefox:
(http://www.mozilla.com/firefox/)

I think most people know that Firefox is a web browser. Choose from over a thousand useful add-ons that enhance Firefox. It’s easy to personalize Firefox to make it your own.

Gnome Do:
(http://do.davebsd.com/)

A powerful, speedy, and sexy remote control for your GNOME Desktop. GNOME Do is not only for GNOME. Although it was created by a GNOME lover, Do runs on KDE and other common environments.
GNOME Do is not a search tool. If you know what you’re looking for and what you want to do with it, Do will help you do it quickly. GNOME Do is not just a launcher. Send emails and IMs, play music, search the web, and launch applications too. Plugins make it possible.

Thunderbird:
(http://www.mozilla.com/thunderbird/)

Thunderbird allows you to customize your email to suit your specific needs whether it’s how you search and find messages or listening to music right out of your inbox.

Thunderbird 2 offers a variety of ways for you to organize and display your folders, whether by favorites, recently viewed or folders containing unread messages. As always, you can also set up RSS and newsgroup folders to stay on top of news and your interests.

Thunderbird 2 also allows you to maximize your message view pane by opting for a folder drop down menu instead of the traditional sidebar.

Thunderbird 2 allows you to “tag” messages with descriptors such as “To Do” or “Done” or even create your own tags that are specific to your needs. Tags can be combined with saved searches and mail views to make it easier to organize email.

Zim:
(http://www.pardus.nl/projects/zim/)

Zim is a WYSIWYG text editor written in Gtk2-Perl which aims to bring the concept of a wiki to your desktop. Every page is saved as a text file with wiki markup. Pages can contain links to other pages, and are saved automatically.

Creating a new page is as easy as linking to a non-existing page. Pages are ordered in a hierarchical structure that gives it the look and feel of an outliner. This tool is intended to keep track of TODO lists or to serve as a personal scratch book.

Web Development Applications
Amaya:
(http://www.w3.org/Amaya/)

Amaya is a Web editor, i.e. a tool used to create and update documents directly on the Web. Browsing features are seamlessly integrated with the editing and remote access features in a uniform environment. This follows the original vision of the Web as a space for collaboration and not just a one-way publishing medium.

BlueFish:
(http://bluefish.openoffice.nl/index.html)

Bluefish is a powerful editor targeted towards programmers and webdesigners, with many options to write websites, scripts and programming code. Bluefish supports many programming and markup languages, and it focuses on editing dynamic and interactive websites.

FontForge:
(http://fontforge.sourceforge.net/)

FontForge — An outline font editor that lets you create your own postscript, truetype, opentype, cid-keyed, multi-master, cff, svg and bitmap (bdf, FON, NFNT) fonts, or edit existing ones. Also lets you convert one format to another. FontForge has support for many macintosh font formats.

SeaMonkey:
(http://www.seamonkey-project.org/)

The SeaMonkey project is a community effort to develop the SeaMonkey all-in-one internet application suite (see below). Such a software suite was previously made popular by Netscape and Mozilla, and the SeaMonkey project continues to develop and deliver high-quality updates to this concept. Containing an Internet browser, email & newsgroup client, HTML editor, IRC chat and web development tools.

SeaMonkey is sure to appeal to advanced users, web developers and corporate users.



FOR MORE INFORMATION YOU CAN VISIT THIS LINK : 


http://www.ubuntulinuxhelp.com/top-100-of-the-best-useful-opensource-applications/
http://www.seopher.com/articles/100_awesome_free_and_open_source_applications